Category: Grammar Tips

  • Grammar Tips: Commonly Confused Words

    Grammar Tips: Commonly Confused Words

    When learning a new language there are always those words that you just can’t seem to keep straight. They generally look or sound similar to each other and lead to recurring confusion and frustration. Here is a sampling of a list of commonly confused words I have put together for the use of my students. Writing out sentences containing troublesome words is helpful, as is creating a special page in the vocabulary section of your study binder for your reference.

    In Spanish:

    si, sí, se, sé   –>  if, yes, himself, I know

    hoy, hay   –>  today, there is/there are

    la mujer, mejor, mayor   –>  woman/wife, better, older

    nueve, nuevo, el novio   –>  nine, new, boyfriend

    primero, el primo, primavera   –>  first, cousin, Spring

    el papa, el papá, la papa  –> pope, daddy, potato

    Example sentence                                                

    “Yo no sé sí se levanta temprano.”

    “I don’t know if he is getting himself up early.”

    In German:

    die Küche, kochen, der Kuchen  –>  kitchen, to cook, cake

    das Gesicht, die Geschichte, das Geschenk, das Geschäft  –> face, story/history, gift, store

    leben, lieben –>  to live, to love

    gegessen, gesessen  –> eaten, sat

    man, der Mann  –>  one, man

    wen, wenn  –> whom, when

    Example sentence

    “Ich backe den Kuchen in der Küche.”

    “I bake the cake in the kitchen.”

  • Grammar Tips: Determining Gender

     

    Both Spanish and German are gendered languages which means that inanimate objects are either male or female and in the case of German even neuter. However, gender in neither of these languages is totally arbitrary as in many cases the final letter or letters of the word can be a key indicator in determining its gender.  I strongly believe it is more effective to learn the following rules and their exceptions than it is to simply learn each word with its gender.

    Native speaking children of these languages learn to recognize the following gender patterns and then learn the exceptions through exposure to the language. Similarly, native English speaking children at first form the past tense by simply adding -ed to every verb. Over time however they learn that while that is the general pattern there are irregularities.

    Keeping in mind that the following are guidelines only and exceptions must be memorized independently, here are some useful tips for determining gender:

    For German:

    1. 45% of nouns are masculine, 35% feminine, and 20% neuter

    2. Gender is determined by the final word in a compound word combination:

    die Bahn = die Autobahn

    • Generally masculine endings:             –el, -el, -er, –ling, -ig, -ich, -or, -us
    • Generally feminine endings:               -e, -in, -ung, -schaft,  -heit, -keit, –ik, -tät, -tion
    • Generally neuter endings:                   -chen,-lein,-um,-ett,-o,-ment
    For Spanish:
    • Generally feminine endings:               -a, -ción ,-sión, -d , -umbre
    • Generally masculine endings:             -o, -or, -ón, -men
    • The following are also masculine:      months, numbers, languages